Matches in Nanopublications for { ?s <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#value> ?o ?g. }
- _4 value "PGE2 enhanced epidermal growth factor- or basic fibroblast growth factor-2-stimulated cell proliferation approximately 50%" provenance.
- _4 value "we found that activation of Ras and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) is necessary for colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1)-mediated c-Myc expression and DNA synthetic (S) phase entry." provenance.
- _5 value "# Ariadne: Serum albumin is synthesized as a larger precursor form, proalbumin, which undergoes proteolytic processing at a dibasic site by a hepatic proprotein convertase within the secretory pathway to generate the mature form. [Regulation] We therefore concluded that PACE4 and PC8, as well as furin, are involved in the processing of proalbumin in HepG2 cells, and that these SPC family members are functionally redundant in this processing." provenance.
- _5 value "# Ariadne: Serum albumin is synthesized as a larger precursor form, proalbumin, which undergoes proteolytic processing at a dibasic site by a hepatic proprotein convertase within the secretory pathway to generate the mature form. [Regulation] We therefore concluded that PACE4 and PC8, as well as furin, are involved in the processing of proalbumin in HepG2 cells, and that these SPC family members are functionally redundant in this processing." provenance.
- _4 value "merbarone caused activation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase, c-jun gene induction, activation of caspase-3/CPP32-like protease" provenance.
- _3 value "The amount of IL-8 and GM-CSF, induced by histamine" provenance.
- _3 value "Overexpression of Ese1 is sufficient to block clathrin-mediated endocytosis in cultured cells, presumably through disruption of higher order protein complexes, which are assembled on the endogenous Ese1-Eps15 scaffold." provenance.
- _5 value "Biochemical analysis showed that cytoplasmic p21(Cip1/WAF1) forms a complex with the apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) and inhibits stress-activated MAP kinase cascade" provenance.
- _4 value "Cultures were exposed to OP-1 (50 ng/ml) for 3 days and then treated with either OP-1 alone or OP-1 + LIF (30 ng/ml) for an additional 4 days. LIF decreased MAP2 expression. There was 2.5 0.3-fold increase in MAP2 expression in cultures treated with OP-1. This was reduced to 1.4 0.2-fold in cultures treated with LIF and OP-1." provenance.
- _3 value "In these same cultures, treatment with dibutyryl-cyclic AMP, a cyclic AMP analogue known to promote astrocyte differentiation, dramatically and selectively decreased Id4 gene expression." provenance.
- _3 value "Cyclin D1 promoter activation by pp60(v-src) involved a cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB)/activating transcription factor 2 (ATF-2) binding site." provenance.
- _6 value "pp60(v-src) induction of CREB was blocked by the p38 inhibitor SB203580 or by mutation of CREB at Ser133." provenance.
- _3 value "TSH promoted follicle formation and inhibited TSP1 production." provenance.
- _3 value "TSH promoted follicle formation and inhibited TSP1 production." provenance.
- _3 value "Overexpression of GFA in skeletal muscle thus leads to defects in glucose transport similar to those seen in type 2 diabetes" provenance.
- _5 value "aken together, these data provide strong evidence that PKA is the enzyme responsible for phosphorylating CREB at S133 in response to PTH and that PKA activity is required for PTH-induced c-fos expression." provenance.
- _5 value "After binding of ligand, either estrogens or antiestrogens, to the ER, the receptor dimerizes with another receptor-monomer to somehow activate the complex and to facilitate the binding of the receptor dimer to the EREs of target genes... ERalpha and ERbeta can heterodimerize, and ERbeta appears to have different functional properties Other nuclear proteins can interact with the ER dimer to modify the expression of certain genes...Some of these receptor-interacting proteins function as co-activators to amplify transcription activation from the ER, while others function as co-repressors. Molecules that have been identified to act as ER co-activators include SRC-1 and SRC-2, CBP/p300, TIF-2,TRIP-1, and AIB-1 ...AIB(also called SRC-3 or Rac3) is amplififed and/or overexpressed in a large percentage of human breast cancer specimens, suggesting that it may have an important role in breast cancer development N-CoR and SMRT function as co-repressors and bind to the ER either in the absence of estrogen or in the presence of tamoxifen progression" provenance.
- _5 value "After binding of ligand, either estrogens or antiestrogens, to the ER, the receptor dimerizes with another receptor-monomer to somehow activate the complex and to facilitate the binding of the receptor dimer to the EREs of target genes... ERalpha and ERbeta can heterodimerize, and ERbeta appears to have different functional properties Other nuclear proteins can interact with the ER dimer to modify the expression of certain genes...Some of these receptor-interacting proteins function as co-activators to amplify transcription activation from the ER, while others function as co-repressors. Molecules that have been identified to act as ER co-activators include SRC-1 and SRC-2, CBP/p300, TIF-2,TRIP-1, and AIB-1 ...AIB(also called SRC-3 or Rac3) is amplififed and/or overexpressed in a large percentage of human breast cancer specimens, suggesting that it may have an important role in breast cancer development N-CoR and SMRT function as co-repressors and bind to the ER either in the absence of estrogen or in the presence of tamoxifen progression" provenance.
- _5 value "Tyrosine phosphorylation of Gab2 was induced by stimulation through gp130, IL-2R, IL-3R, TPOR, SCFR, and TCR. Gab1 and Gab2 were shown to be substrates for SHP-2 in vitro." provenance.
- _4 value "LIF and OSM increased collagenase-3 (MMP-13) mRNA and immunoreactive protein levels in a time- and dose-dependent manner." provenance.
- _7 value "Using transienttransfection assays in HepG2 hepatoma cells, we demonstrated the ability of HLFalone and in synergistic combination with the D-box binding protein (DBP),another proline and acidic-rich (PAR) protein family member, to transactivatethese promoters. HLF is capable of binding to multiple sites in both the FactorVIII and Factor IX promoters. At least some of the synergistic activation of theFactor VIII promoter seen with HLF and DBP cotransfection can be attributed toincreased binding of HLF-DBP heterodimers to two Factor VIII promoter sites." provenance.
- _5 value "dominant negative mutants of the IL-1 signaling pathway, including MyD88, IRAK, IRAK2, and TRAF6 inhibited both IL-1- and LPS-induced NF-kappaB-luciferase activity." provenance.
- _4 value "Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) increases the production of interleukin-12 (IL-12) from mouse macrophages via a kappaB site within the IL-12 p40 promoter." provenance.
- _5 value "Fas stimulation of Jurkat cells is known to induce p38 kinase and we find a pronounced increase in Rb phosphorylation within 30 min of Fas stimulation" provenance.
- _6 value "JNK1 phosphorylates E2F1 in vitro, and co-transfection of JNK1 reduces the DNA binding activity of E2F1;" provenance.
- _6 value "Our results indicate not only that RelA is required for activation of key genes involved in adaptive (acquired) immune responses, including major histocompatibility complex class I, CD40, and the Fas death receptor, but also that both NF-kappaB-inducing signals and IFN-gamma are necessary for maximal activation" provenance.
- _5 value "Our results indicate not only that RelA is required for activation of key genes involved in adaptive (acquired) immune responses, including major histocompatibility complex class I, CD40, and the Fas death receptor, but also that both NF-kappaB-inducing signals and IFN-gamma are necessary for maximal activation" provenance.
- _4 value "beta-Estradiol (E2) exhibited noncompetitive, and possibly allosteric, inhibition of both radiolabeled serotonin ([3H]5-HT) transport by, and radiolabeled cocaine congener ([3H]CFT) binding to, this system....Assessments of covalent conjugates of E2 suggested that E2 interacts with the transporter protein at allosteric site(s) inaccessible from the extracellular domain." provenance.
- _2 value "Angiostatin, a proteolytic fragment of plasminogen, is a potent antagonist of angiogenesis and an inhibitor of endothelium migration and proliferation." provenance.
- _3 value "CyCAP is a widely expressed secreted glycoprotein that modulates the host response to endotoxin gene-targeted CyCAP-deficient mice are more sensitive to the lethal effects of endotoxin in response to endotoxin, CyCAP-deficient mice overproduce interleukin 12 and interferon-gamma systemically and tumor necrosis factor alpha locally, these are proinflammatory molecules that also promote T helper 1 responses" provenance.
- _5 value "To generate tools for pursuing the role of the Notch pathway in human disease and development, we have cloned and analyzed the expression of three human homologues of the Notch ligands Delta and Serrate, human Jagged1 (HJ1), human Jagged2 (HJ2), and human Delta1 (H-Delta-1), and determined their chromosomal localizations." provenance.
- _5 value "Modified assertion" provenance.
- _5 value "However, TNF treatment did result in activation of the transcription factor, ATF-2, a primary downstream target of p38 MAP kinase. Use of the p38 MAP kinase inhibitors SB202190 and SB203580 did not interfere with the ability of TNF to activate ATF-2, suggesting that either the gamma isoform of p38 MAP kinase or a p38-independent pathway was utilized by TNF to increase the phosphorylated fraction of ATF-2." provenance.
- _3 value "We show that CSF-1 stimulation of BAC1.2F5 macrophages results in the upregulation of expression of ets2 and bcl-xL with similar kinetics of induction. In the absence of CSF-1, these macrophages undergo cell death by apoptosis, whereas constitutive expression of Ets2 rescues these cells from cell death, and bcl-xL is upregulated. These results strongly suggest a novel role of Ets2 in affecting apoptosis through its regulation of Bcl-xL transcription." provenance.
- _5 value "Specifically, we demonstrate that the ectopic expression of K10 inhibits the proliferation of human keratinocytes in culture while K16 expression appears to promote the proliferation of these cells" provenance.
- _3 value "We have identified by Scatchard analysis both high (124 pM, 14.4 x106 sites/micrograms protein, 7600 sites/cell) and low (1.6 nM, 7.7x106 sites/micrograms protein, 4100 sites/cell) affinity receptors for [125I]-rat ciliary neurotrophic factor (rCNTF) on astrocytes. Ligand competition studies showed that the binding of [125I]-rCNTF was effectively competed by rCNTF and human CNTF, but not by hLIF, mIL-6 or mIL-1B. Three proteins specifically crossed-linked to [125I]-rCNTF, with the molecular weights of 190, 100, and 43 kDa, were immunoprecipitated by anti-rCNTF antibodies. Anti-LIFR or anti-gp130 antibodies immunoprecipitated the 100 and the 190 kDa proteins. CNTF induced the tyrosine phosphorylation of LIFR and gp130, as well as of proteins with the molecular weights of 88/91 and 42 kDa. The phosphorylation of the 88/91 kDa protein(s) was inhibited by pretreating the cells with staurosporine, 12-myristate 13-acetate phorbol (PMA), W7, chlorpromazine, or the intracellular Ca+2 chelator BAPTA/AM. In contrast, CNTF and PMA acted synergistically to induce the phosphorylation of two proteins with the molecular weights of 42 and 44 kDa. At later time points following CNTF treatment, c-fos messenger RNA and protein levels were increased. Collectively, these data indicate that hippocampal astrocytes express high-affinity, biologically functional receptor complexes for CNTF." provenance.
- _5 value "We have identified by Scatchard analysis both high (124 pM, 14.4 x106 sites/micrograms protein, 7600 sites/cell) and low (1.6 nM, 7.7x106 sites/micrograms protein, 4100 sites/cell) affinity receptors for [125I]-rat ciliary neurotrophic factor (rCNTF) on astrocytes. Ligand competition studies showed that the binding of [125I]-rCNTF was effectively competed by rCNTF and human CNTF, but not by hLIF, mIL-6 or mIL-1B. Three proteins specifically crossed-linked to [125I]-rCNTF, with the molecular weights of 190, 100, and 43 kDa, were immunoprecipitated by anti-rCNTF antibodies. Anti-LIFR or anti-gp130 antibodies immunoprecipitated the 100 and the 190 kDa proteins. CNTF induced the tyrosine phosphorylation of LIFR and gp130, as well as of proteins with the molecular weights of 88/91 and 42 kDa. The phosphorylation of the 88/91 kDa protein(s) was inhibited by pretreating the cells with staurosporine, 12-myristate 13-acetate phorbol (PMA), W7, chlorpromazine, or the intracellular Ca+2 chelator BAPTA/AM. In contrast, CNTF and PMA acted synergistically to induce the phosphorylation of two proteins with the molecular weights of 42 and 44 kDa. At later time points following CNTF treatment, c-fos messenger RNA and protein levels were increased. Collectively, these data indicate that hippocampal astrocytes express high-affinity, biologically functional receptor complexes for CNTF." provenance.
- _6 value "Integrin-associated protein (IAP; CD47) is a thrombospondin receptor that forms a signaling complex with beta3 integrins resulting in enhanced alphavbeta3-dependent cell spreading and chemotaxis and, in platelets, alphaIIbbeta3-dependent spreading and aggregation." provenance.
- _10 value "Integrin-associated protein (IAP; CD47) is a thrombospondin receptor that forms a signaling complex with beta3 integrins resulting in enhanced alphavbeta3-dependent cell spreading and chemotaxis and, in platelets, alphaIIbbeta3-dependent spreading and aggregation." provenance.
- _4 value "32D/EGFR cells overexpressing cbl-b showed markedly inhibited growth in EGF compared to c-cbl transfectants and vector controls. This growth inhibition by cbl-b was the result of a dramatic increase in the number of cells undergoing apoptosis." provenance.
- _5 value "A gradual up-regulation of caspase 8 and caspase 3, which played a role in the caspase cascade for Fas-mediated apoptosis, was observed in TNFalpha-treated cultured OA synoviocytes. In addition, Fas ligation to TNFalpha-treated cultured OA synoviocytes induced activation of caspase 8 and caspase" provenance.
- _5 value "A gradual up-regulation of caspase 8 and caspase 3, which played a role in the caspase cascade for Fas-mediated apoptosis, was observed in TNFalpha-treated cultured OA synoviocytes. In addition, Fas ligation to TNFalpha-treated cultured OA synoviocytes induced activation of caspase 8 and caspase" provenance.
- _7 value "A gradual up-regulation of caspase 8 and caspase 3, which played a role in the caspase cascade for Fas-mediated apoptosis, was observed in TNFalpha-treated cultured OA synoviocytes. In addition, Fas ligation to TNFalpha-treated cultured OA synoviocytes induced activation of caspase 8 and caspase" provenance.
- _4 value "Following exposure to either CD40-specific mAbs or the soluble trimeric ligand (sCD40L), high responder (HR) lines showed rapid aggregation, activation of NF-kappa B, up-regulation of cell surface markers ICAM-1/CD54 and Fas/CD95, and growth inhibition" provenance.
- _5 value "Following exposure to either CD40-specific mAbs or the soluble trimeric ligand (sCD40L), high responder (HR) lines showed rapid aggregation, activation of NF-kappa B, up-regulation of cell surface markers ICAM-1/CD54 and Fas/CD95, and growth inhibition" provenance.
- _6 value "beta2-Adaptin binds betaarrestin 2 in a yeast two-hybrid assay and coimmunoprecipitates with betaarrestins and beta2AR in an agonist-dependent manner in HEK-293 cells. Moreover, beta2-adaptin translocates from the cytosol to the plasma membrane in response to the beta2AR agonist" provenance.
- _5 value "betaarrestins mediate the desensitization of the beta2-adrenergic receptor (beta2AR) and many other G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)" provenance.
- _7 value "(LPL) gene. A conserved DNA recognition element (-171 to -149 bp) within the promoter functions as a transcriptional enhancer when bound by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma2 (PPARgamma2)/retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRalpha) heterodimer" provenance.
- _7 value "A conserved DNA recognition element (-171 to -149 bp) within the promoter functions as a transcriptional enhancer when bound by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma2 (PPARgamma2)/retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRalpha) heterodimer, but serves as a transcriptional silencer in the presence of unidentified double and single stranded DNA-binding proteins." provenance.
- _3 value "Nuclear hormone receptor ligands such as thiazolidinediones [peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs)] or hydrocortisone (glucocorticoid receptor) induce LPL transcription, whereas proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-, are inhibitory" provenance.
- _3 value "T3, androgens, or a combination of the two up-regulated PSA protein production in a dose-dependent fashion, but T3 had little stimulatory effect on hK2 protein expression, regardless of the presence or absence of androgens." provenance.
- _5 value "IL-10 also decreased the expression of both IL-6 receptor and lipopolysaccharide-induced IL-2 receptor but not IL-4 receptor on microglia as measured by flow cytometric analysis with an indirect immunofluorescence technique." provenance.
- _5 value "ECL-cell HDC was activated by gastrin but not by CT and PTH." provenance.
- _4 value "FLI-1 also prevented the rapid downregulation of cyclin D2 and D3 expression normally observed during Epo-induced differentiation and delayed the downregulation of several other genes involved in cell cycle or cell proliferation control." provenance.
- _5 value "We have previously reported the identification of four autophosphorylation sites on the KDR VEGF receptor. Two of these sites (tyrosines 951 and 996) are located in the receptor's kinase insert domain, and two (tyrosines 1054 and 1059) are located in the catalytic domain" provenance.
- _4 value "PC-12 cells over expressing SH2-Bbeta when treated with 100 ng/ml of NGF for 10 minutes and immunoblotted with PLCgamma anti-phosphotyrosine antibody, showed normal NGF induced tyrosine phosphorylation of PLCgamma." provenance.
- _3 value "Endostatin, a C-terminal 20-kDa fragment of the basement membrane protein collagen XVIII, is a potent inhibitor of primary tumor growth and endothelial cell proliferation and migration.14,15" provenance.
- _5 value "The role of IRAK in IL-18-induced responses was studied in IRAK-deficient mice. Significant defects in JNK induction and partial impairment in NF-kappaB activation were found in IRAK-deficient Th1 cells, resulting in a dramatic decrease in interferon (IFN)-gamma mRNA expression." provenance.
- _5 value "Modified assertion" provenance.
- _4 value "NGF treatment of differentiated oligodendrocytes resulted in processing of 45 kDa Caspase-1 pro-form to its intermediate forms and to final active product p10. This indicates that Caspase-1 was preferentially activated during NGF-induced oligodendrocyte apoptosis" provenance.
- _5 value "Gab-1 is heavily phosphorylated by the epidermal growth factor receptor, but poorly by the insulin receptor" provenance.
- _5 value "However, in brown adipocytes (Klein, J., and Kahn, C.R., unpublished data) and white adipocytes (123), stimulation of the b-adrenergic receptor decreases insulin-stimulated PI3-kinase activity." provenance.
- _3 value "IRS-1-associated tyrosine phosphorylation and PI3-kinase activity is decreased in skeletal muscle and adipocytes both in obesity and type 2 diabetes (109-112)" provenance.
- _3 value "IRS-1-associated tyrosine phosphorylation and PI3-kinase activity is decreased in skeletal muscle and adipocytes both in obesity and type 2 diabetes (109-112)" provenance.
- _2 value "Inhibition of PI3-kinase activity using a dominant negative mutant (30), or pharmacological agents such as wortmannin or LY294002 (31), abolishes insulin stimulated glucose uptake and inhibits GLUT4 vesicle translocation to the plasma membrane. Many other cellular effects of insulin, such as antilipolysis, activation of fatty acid synthesis, acetyl CoA-carboxylase, glycogen synthase, Akt phosphorylation, glycogen synthase kinase 3b inactivation, and stimulation of protein synthesis and DNA synthesis, are also inhibited by PI3- kinase suppression PIP3, rather than PIP2, is the major mediator of PI3- kinase dependent biological actions of insulin" provenance.
- _2 value "Inhibition of PI3-kinase activity using a dominant negative mutant (30), or pharmacological agents such as wortmannin or LY294002 (31), abolishes insulin stimulated glucose uptake and inhibits GLUT4 vesicle translocation to the plasma membrane. Many other cellular effects of insulin, such as antilipolysis, activation of fatty acid synthesis, acetyl CoA-carboxylase, glycogen synthase, Akt phosphorylation, glycogen synthase kinase 3b inactivation, and stimulation of protein synthesis and DNA synthesis, are also inhibited by PI3- kinase suppression PIP3, rather than PIP2, is the major mediator of PI3- kinase dependent biological actions of insulin" provenance.
- _4 value "Inhibition of PI3-kinase activity using a dominant negative mutant (30), or pharmacological agents such as wortmannin or LY294002 (31), abolishes insulin stimulated glucose uptake and inhibits GLUT4 vesicle translocation to the plasma membrane. Many other cellular effects of insulin, such as antilipolysis, activation of fatty acid synthesis, acetyl CoA-carboxylase, glycogen synthase, Akt phosphorylation, glycogen synthase kinase 3b inactivation, and stimulation of protein synthesis and DNA synthesis, are also inhibited by PI3- kinase suppression PIP3, rather than PIP2, is the major mediator of PI3- kinase dependent biological actions of insulin" provenance.
- _5 value "Inhibition of PI3-kinase activity using a dominant negative mutant (30), or pharmacological agents such as wortmannin or LY294002 (31), abolishes insulin stimulated glucose uptake and inhibits GLUT4 vesicle translocation to the plasma membrane. Many other cellular effects of insulin, such as antilipolysis, activation of fatty acid synthesis, acetyl CoA-carboxylase, glycogen synthase, Akt phosphorylation, glycogen synthase kinase 3b inactivation, and stimulation of protein synthesis and DNA synthesis, are also inhibited by PI3- kinase suppression PIP3, rather than PIP2, is the major mediator of PI3- kinase dependent biological actions of insulin" provenance.
- _4 value "Insulin and IGF-1 stimulation also promote association between IRS-1 and aVb3 integrin (vitronectin receptor)" provenance.
- _3 value "Insulin is unique in its ability to phosphorylate two isoforms of caveolin" provenance.
- _6 value "Insulin receptor substrates are a growing family of proteins that are phosphorylated by the activated insulin receptor. To date, nine members of this family have been identified, including IRS-1 (17, 18), IRS-2 (19), IRS-3 (20), and IRS-4 (21), which are generally viewed as the most specific for insulin signaling; Gab-1 (22); Shc, which has three isoforms (23); and p62dok Following insulin binding, the receptor undergoes autophosphorylation on multiple tyrosine residues. This results in activation of the receptor kinase and tyrosine phosphorylation of a family of insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins." provenance.
- _5 value "It also contains an additional binding site located in the phosphorylated kinase activation loop of the insulin receptor but is only very slightly phosphorylated by insulin receptor." provenance.
- _5 value "Phosphotyrosine at site 960 of the b subunit just inside the membrane creates an NPXpY-recognition motif for the PTB domain of the IRS proteins. Modification of this tyrosine completely inhibits subsequent phosphorylation of IRS-1 and other insulin receptor substrates and leads to loss of most insulin-dependent biological actions" provenance.
- _5 value "Phosphotyrosine at site 960 of the b subunit just inside the membrane creates an NPXpY-recognition motif for the PTB domain of the IRS proteins. Modification of this tyrosine completely inhibits subsequent phosphorylation of IRS-1 and other insulin receptor substrates and leads to loss of most insulin-dependent biological actions" provenance.
- _3 value "Phosphotyrosine phosphatases (PTPases). PTPases are responsible for dephosphorylation of the insulin receptor and its substrates, and hence, turning off the insulin signal. To date, no insulin receptor-specific phosphatase has been identified. Total membrane-bound tyrosine phosphatase activity is increased in skeletal muscle of type 2 diabetic patients (158). Immunodepletion experiments in muscles from these diabetic patients and obese individuals suggest that especially two phosphatases, protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP-1B) and leukocyte antigen-related (LAR) phosphatase, are mainly responsible for this increase (159)." provenance.
- _4 value "Recently, b1 integrins have also been reported to enhance IRS-1 phosphorylation and interaction, but not glucose transport, with downstream molecules such as PI3-kinase and Akt (74). These results suggest that integrins and insulin/IGF-1 receptor signaling pathways converge at an early point in the signaling cascade around the IRS proteins." provenance.
- _3 value "Since an inhibitor against SERCA induces apoptosis in some cell lines (76), the IRS/SERCA complex might be involved in an insulin and IGF-1-dependent antiapoptotic effect." provenance.
- _3 value "Some individuals with type 2 diabetes have been identified with a high expression level of Rad. In cultured myotubes and adipocytes, overexpression of Rad decreases insulin-dependent glucose uptake (101). Rad is also an insulin-regulated gene (102)." provenance.
- _5 value "The ability of a variety of nutrients to activate the hexosamine pathway has led to the theory that this pathway serves as a general nutrient sensing pathway, through which hyperglycemia or hyperlipidemia could decrease insulin sensitivity of cells when nutrient excess prevails (148). In cell culture, omission of glutamine (a cofactor of GFA) from the media, or addition of glutamine analogues, blunts the desensitizing effect of glucose on insulin sensitivity (150). Glucosamine infusion for two to six hours will decrease insulin-stimulated IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation, PI3-kinase activation, and activation of glycogen synthase in a manner that parallels the decrease in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. This effect can be seen both in acute and chronic stimulation with insulin (151) (Patti, M.E., personal communication)." provenance.
- _5 value "The ability of a variety of nutrients to activate the hexosamine pathway has led to the theory that this pathway serves as a general nutrient sensing pathway, through which hyperglycemia or hyperlipidemia could decrease insulin sensitivity of cells when nutrient excess prevails (148). In cell culture, omission of glutamine (a cofactor of GFA) from the media, or addition of glutamine analogues, blunts the desensitizing effect of glucose on insulin sensitivity (150). Glucosamine infusion for two to six hours will decrease insulin-stimulated IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation, PI3-kinase activation, and activation of glycogen synthase in a manner that parallels the decrease in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. This effect can be seen both in acute and chronic stimulation with insulin (151) (Patti, M.E., personal communication)." provenance.
- _4 value "The ability of a variety of nutrients to activate the hexosamine pathway has led to the theory that this pathway serves as a general nutrient sensing pathway, through which hyperglycemia or hyperlipidemia could decrease insulin sensitivity of cells when nutrient excess prevails (148). In cell culture, omission of glutamine (a cofactor of GFA) from the media, or addition of glutamine analogues, blunts the desensitizing effect of glucose on insulin sensitivity (150). Glucosamine infusion for two to six hours will decrease insulin-stimulated IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation, PI3-kinase activation, and activation of glycogen synthase in a manner that parallels the decrease in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. This effect can be seen both in acute and chronic stimulation with insulin (151) (Patti, M.E., personal communication)." provenance.
- _4 value "The ability of a variety of nutrients to activate the hexosamine pathway has led to the theory that this pathway serves as a general nutrient sensing pathway, through which hyperglycemia or hyperlipidemia could decrease insulin sensitivity of cells when nutrient excess prevails (148). In cell culture, omission of glutamine (a cofactor of GFA) from the media, or addition of glutamine analogues, blunts the desensitizing effect of glucose on insulin sensitivity (150). Glucosamine infusion for two to six hours will decrease insulin-stimulated IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation, PI3-kinase activation, and activation of glycogen synthase in a manner that parallels the decrease in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. This effect can be seen both in acute and chronic stimulation with insulin (151) (Patti, M.E., personal communication)." provenance.
- _4 value "Leptin induced the tyrosine phosphorylation of MAP kinase p42 and p44 in RINm5F cells but not in rat islets." provenance.
- _4 value "Insulin-like growth factor 1 activates only phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase." provenance.
- _5 value "NGF induces prolonged activation of the Shc/MAP kinase pathway and phospholipase Cgamma compared with PDGF-BB." provenance.
- _4 value "Ngf induced the tyrosine phosphorylation of Erk1 in tyrosine receptor kinase-expressing cells. Erk1 remained phosphorylated for 1 to 4 hours after Ngf treatment. Ngf treatment induced a 6- to 8-fold increase in MAP kinase activity within 5 minutes of treatment and the activity remained elevated up to 4 hours. This indicated that Erk1 phosphorylation was brought about by tyrosine receptor kinase A after treatment with Ngf." provenance.
- _4 value "The activation of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase, however, was 10-fold greater in response to PDGF-BB compared with NGF." provenance.
- _3 value "The neurotrophin, nerve growth factor (NGF), and insulin-like growth factor 1 induce the migration but not the proliferation of smooth muscle cells, whereas PDGF-BB stimulates both responses." provenance.
- _4 value "Tyrosine kinase receptor A-expressing cells responded to NGF with a dose-dependent increase in phosphorylation of the trk A receptor." provenance.
- _5 value "activation of p42/p44 MAP kinase by endogenous epidermal growth factor, lysophosphatidic acid, and beta2-adrenergic receptors" provenance.
- _6 value "alpha2-AR-mediated activation of either endogenous or cotransfected p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase" provenance.
- _6 value "alpha2-AR-mediated activation of either endogenous or cotransfected p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase" provenance.
- _4 value "Chemical blockade of the nerve growth factor receptor TrkA or the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway component MEK substantially diminished nerve growth factor-induced expression of chromogranin A.Nerve growth factor activated chromogranin A gene expression 7.6-fold in PC12 pheochromocytoma cells, and similarly activated PC12-transfected mouse, rat or human chromogranin A promoter/reporter constructs." provenance.
- _6 value "Ras acting via Erk MAP kinases causes phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3 at specific sites in the region linking the DNA-binding domain and the transcriptional activation domain." provenance.
- _5 value "Ras acting via Erk MAP kinases causes phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3 at specific sites in the region linking the DNA-binding domain and the transcriptional activation domain." provenance.
- _3 value "TGFbeta can override the proliferative effects of EGF and other Ras-activating mitogens in normal epithelial cells." provenance.
- _2 value "Furthermore, studies of patients with insulin-secreting tumors suggest that inhibition of hepatic glucose production is the major mechanism whereby insulin lowers plasma glucose in the fasting state. Insulin first acts directly upon adipose tissue to suppress lipolysis and decrease levels of circulating free fatty acids. This, in turn, may cause the inhibition of hepatic glucose production" provenance.
- _2 value "Insulin inhibits lipolysis in adipose tissue, ketogenesis in liver, and proteolysis in muscle. Insulin also inhibits hepatic glucose production by inhibiting both glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis." provenance.
- _2 value "Insulin promotes the deposition of glycogen in liver and triglyceride in adipose tissue, and also activates glucose transport and glycogen synthesis in muscle." provenance.
- _3 value "Skeletal Muscle. Insulin receptor function has been inhibited in two ways: muscle-specific knockout of the insulin receptor (MIRKO; Bruning et al., 1998) and muscle-specific expression of a dominant-negative mutant insulin receptor (IR-A1134T) in transgenic mice (Moller et al., 1996). In both models, skeletal muscle was insulin resistant when studied in vitro." provenance.