Matches in Nanopublications for { ?s <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#value> ?o ?g. }
- _2 value "exercise-induced norepinephrine, epinephrine, testosterone, cortisol (COR), and growth hormone (GH) increases were similar in the 2 exercises" provenance.
- _3 value "Semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction verified that the mRNA levels of mouse DN 38, COL VI 3 alpha, cul-1, alpha-tropomyosin, and PP2A-C alpha were substantially increased, whereas mouse Msh 2, Ndufa2, Ribosomal protein S19, sFRP-1, GDAP-10 and mSmcD were significantly decreased in vitamin A deficient (VAD) embryos compared to the control embryos." provenance.
- _4 value "Our data show that heat shock response decreased LPS-induced phosphorylation of JNK and its downstream substrate c-Jun. AP-1, a transcriptional factor composed of c-Jun, could regulate the expression of IL-18. Also, its DNA-binding activity was reduced by the heat shock response." provenance.
- _5 value "Our data show that heat shock response decreased LPS-induced phosphorylation of JNK and its downstream substrate c-Jun. AP-1, a transcriptional factor composed of c-Jun, could regulate the expression of IL-18. Also, its DNA-binding activity was reduced by the heat shock response." provenance.
- _6 value "Addition of either PP2 or PD98059, specific inhibitors of Src and mitogen-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK)/mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, respectively, attenuated FGF-1-stimulated OPN mRNA expression." provenance.
- _4 value "Thrombin induced the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). The HSP27 accumulation by thrombin was reduced by SB-203580 and PD-169316 but not by SB-202474. SB-203580 and PD-169316 suppressed the thrombin-induced phosphorylation of p38 MAPK." provenance.
- _4 value "these experiments indicate that stretch triggers an intracellular cascade of events, including nitric oxide synthesis, which results in HGF release and satellite cell activation." provenance.
- _3 value "Studies described here utilize high-density oligonucleotide arrays to characterize changes in global mRNA expression patterns during proliferation, cell cycle withdrawal, and terminal differentiation in mouse C2C12 myoblasts. Statistical analyses revealed 629 sequences differentially regulated between proliferating and differentiating myoblasts. These genes were clustered using self-organizing maps to identify sets of coregulated genes and were assigned to functional categories that were analyzed for distribution across expression clusters. Clusters were identified with statistically significant enrichment of functional categories including muscle contraction, cell adhesion, extracellular matrix function, cellular metabolism, mitochondrial transport, DNA replication, cell cycle control, mRNA transcription, and unexpectedly, immune regulation. In addition, functional category enrichment data can be used to predict gene function for numerous differentially regulated expressed sequence tags. The results provide new insight into how genes involved in these cellular processes may play a role in skeletal muscle growth and differentiation." provenance.
- _3 value "Studies described here utilize high-density oligonucleotide arrays to characterize changes in global mRNA expression patterns during proliferation, cell cycle withdrawal, and terminal differentiation in mouse C2C12 myoblasts. Statistical analyses revealed 629 sequences differentially regulated between proliferating and differentiating myoblasts. These genes were clustered using self-organizing maps to identify sets of coregulated genes and were assigned to functional categories that were analyzed for distribution across expression clusters. Clusters were identified with statistically significant enrichment of functional categories including muscle contraction, cell adhesion, extracellular matrix function, cellular metabolism, mitochondrial transport, DNA replication, cell cycle control, mRNA transcription, and unexpectedly, immune regulation. In addition, functional category enrichment data can be used to predict gene function for numerous differentially regulated expressed sequence tags. The results provide new insight into how genes involved in these cellular processes may play a role in skeletal muscle growth and differentiation." provenance.
- _3 value "Studies described here utilize high-density oligonucleotide arrays to characterize changes in global mRNA expression patterns during proliferation, cell cycle withdrawal, and terminal differentiation in mouse C2C12 myoblasts. Statistical analyses revealed 629 sequences differentially regulated between proliferating and differentiating myoblasts. These genes were clustered using self-organizing maps to identify sets of coregulated genes and were assigned to functional categories that were analyzed for distribution across expression clusters. Clusters were identified with statistically significant enrichment of functional categories including muscle contraction, cell adhesion, extracellular matrix function, cellular metabolism, mitochondrial transport, DNA replication, cell cycle control, mRNA transcription, and unexpectedly, immune regulation. In addition, functional category enrichment data can be used to predict gene function for numerous differentially regulated expressed sequence tags. The results provide new insight into how genes involved in these cellular processes may play a role in skeletal muscle growth and differentiation." provenance.
- _3 value "Studies described here utilize high-density oligonucleotide arrays to characterize changes in global mRNA expression patterns during proliferation, cell cycle withdrawal, and terminal differentiation in mouse C2C12 myoblasts. Statistical analyses revealed 629 sequences differentially regulated between proliferating and differentiating myoblasts. These genes were clustered using self-organizing maps to identify sets of coregulated genes and were assigned to functional categories that were analyzed for distribution across expression clusters. Clusters were identified with statistically significant enrichment of functional categories including muscle contraction, cell adhesion, extracellular matrix function, cellular metabolism, mitochondrial transport, DNA replication, cell cycle control, mRNA transcription, and unexpectedly, immune regulation. In addition, functional category enrichment data can be used to predict gene function for numerous differentially regulated expressed sequence tags. The results provide new insight into how genes involved in these cellular processes may play a role in skeletal muscle growth and differentiation." provenance.
- _3 value "Studies described here utilize high-density oligonucleotide arrays to characterize changes in global mRNA expression patterns during proliferation, cell cycle withdrawal, and terminal differentiation in mouse C2C12 myoblasts. Statistical analyses revealed 629 sequences differentially regulated between proliferating and differentiating myoblasts. These genes were clustered using self-organizing maps to identify sets of coregulated genes and were assigned to functional categories that were analyzed for distribution across expression clusters. Clusters were identified with statistically significant enrichment of functional categories including muscle contraction, cell adhesion, extracellular matrix function, cellular metabolism, mitochondrial transport, DNA replication, cell cycle control, mRNA transcription, and unexpectedly, immune regulation. In addition, functional category enrichment data can be used to predict gene function for numerous differentially regulated expressed sequence tags. The results provide new insight into how genes involved in these cellular processes may play a role in skeletal muscle growth and differentiation." provenance.
- _3 value "In contrast to heat shock, which rapidly induced both hsp70.1 and hsp70.3 mRNA, osmotic stress selectively induced transcription of hsp70.1." provenance.
- _3 value "In response to ionizing radiation (IR), the tumor suppressor p53 is stabilized and promotes either cell cycle arrest or apoptosis." provenance.
- _6 value "Modified assertion" provenance.
- _6 value "Modified assertion" provenance.
- _4 value "In this work, we find, in the BET, a marked increase in stability in the presence of TFE." provenance.
- _3 value "Modified assertion" provenance.
- _4 value "The sentence from Jubilant IL4 induced phosphorylation of IRS2. Phosphorylation was more in variant R551 than in wildtype Q551 cells." provenance.
- _6 value "The life history of cancer cells encompasses a series of genetic missteps in which normal cells are progressively transformed into tumor cells that invade surrounding tissues and become malignant. Most prominent among the regulators disrupted in cancer cells are two tumor suppressors, the retinoblastoma protein (RB) and the p53 transcription factor. Here, we discuss interconnecting signaling pathways controlled by RB and p53, attempting to explain their potentially universal involvement in the etiology of cancer. Pinpointing the various ways by which the functions of RB and p53 are subverted in individual tumors should provide a rational basis for developing more refined tumor-specific therapies." provenance.
- _5 value "Modified assertion" provenance.
- _4 value "The increased translation is probably signalled, in part, through the enzyme p70S6K, which ultimately leads to enhanced protein synthesis" provenance.
- _4 value "increase in AMPK activity during contraction increases NRF-1 (Bergeron et al. 2001; Murakami et al. 1998; Xia et al. 1997), a transcription factor, which, in turn, binds to the ALA synthase and mTFA gene promoters, resulting in increases in these proteins (Gordon et al. 2001) and consequently increases cytochrome c protein concentration and mitochondrial density (Hood, 2001)." provenance.
- _4 value "Dominant negative ASK1, MKK6, MKK4 and JNK1 potently inhibited EGCG-induced cell death" provenance.
- _3 value "We and others have found that the absence of dystrophin in cells of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy animal model, the mdx mouse, leads to elevated Ca(2+) influx and cytosolic Ca(2+) concentrations when exposed to stress" provenance.
- _5 value "Trx-1 transfection also caused a significant increase in the protein products of hypoxia-responsive genes, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and nitric oxide synthase 2 in a number of different cell lines (MCF-7 human breast and HT29 human colon carcinomas and WEHI7.2 mouse lymphoma cells) under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions." provenance.
- _4 value "Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) mediate membrane fusion reactions in eukaryotic cells by assembling into complexes that link vesicle-associated SNAREs with SNAREs on target membranes (t-SNAREs). Many SNARE complexes contain two t-SNAREs that form a heterodimer, a putative intermediate in SNARE assembly. Individual t-SNAREs (e.g., syntaxin 1A) also regulate synaptic calcium channels and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), the epithelial chloride channel that is defective in cystic fibrosis. Whether the regulation of ion channels by individual t-SNAREs is related to SNARE complex assembly and membrane fusion is unknown. Here we show that CFTR channels are coordinately regulated by two cognate t-SNAREs, SNAP-23 (synaptosome-associated protein of 23 kDa) and syntaxin 1A. SNAP-23 physically associates with CFTR by binding to its amino-terminal tail, a region that modulates channel gating. CFTR-mediated chloride currents are inhibited by introducing excess SNAP-23 into HT29-Cl.19A epithelial cells. Conversely, CFTR activity is stimulated by a SNAP-23 antibody that blocks the binding of this t-SNARE to the CFTR amino-terminal tail. The physical and functional interactions between SNAP-23 and CFTR depend on syntaxin 1A, which binds to both proteins. We conclude that CFTR channels are regulated by a t-SNARE complex that may tune CFTR activity to rates of membrane traffic in epithelial cells." provenance.
- _5 value "Conversely, a gain-of-function Foxo1 mutation targeted to liver and pancreatic beta-cells results in diabetes arising from a combination of increased hepatic glucose production and impaired beta-cell compensation due to decreased Pdx1 expression." provenance.
- _6 value "When expressed in cells, XPLN activates RhoA and RhoB, but not RhoC, and stimulates the assembly of stress fibers and focal adhesions in a Rho kinase-dependent manner." provenance.
- _3 value "induction of a neuronal phenotype by nerve growth factor (NGF) is accompanied by a marked increase in GAP-43 levels" provenance.
- _5 value "PLAB increased the activation of endogenous PPARalpha and the phospholipase C signaling pathway; and stimulated peroxisomal fatty acyl-CoA oxidase activity. These effects of PLAB on the activation of endogenous PPARalpha and phospholipase C-dependent pathway were blocked by staurosporine." provenance.
- _4 value "Since the ER plays a major role in breast cancer development and the PR is a target of estrogen, the changes of the expression level of E6-AP might interfere with the normal functioning of the ER and the PR. Hence, E6-AP may participate in the formation and progression of breast tumors." provenance.
- _4 value "However, by contrast, Way et al. [64] reported that resistin expression was suppressed in several rodent models of obesity and was increased by PPAR? ligands." provenance.
- _5 value "Here we identify the paired-like homeobox transcription factors Pitx1 and Pitx2 as factors functionally activating the proximal human prolactin promoter (hPRL-164luc). Using in vitro binding assays and a series of site-specific mutations of the proximal hPRL promoter, we mapped the B1 and B2 bicoid sites involved in Pitx-mediated transactivation of the hPRL-164luc construct. In somatolactotroph GH4C1 cells, basal proximal hPRL promoter activity was inhibited by a Pitx2 dominant-negative form in a dose-dependent manner, whereas binding disruptive mutations in the Pitx sites significantly reduced basal activity of the promoter. We also show that synergistic activation of hPRL-164luc by Pitx2 and Pit-1 requires the integrity of the B2 Pitx binding site, and at least one of the P1 and P2 Pit-1 response elements. In addition, mutation in the B2 Pitx site results in attenuation of the promoter's responsiveness to forskolin, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, and epidermal growth factor. Conversely, Pitx1 or Pitx2 overexpression in GH4C1 cells leads to an enhancement of the drugs stimulatory effects.)." provenance.
- _4 value "Oxidative stress induces JNK activation" provenance.
- _5 value "We found that JNK phosphorylated Ser-121 and Thr-163 of Mcl-1 in response to stimulation with H(2)O(2) and that transfection of unphosphorylatable Mcl-1 resulted in an enhanced anti-apoptotic activity in response to stimulation with H(2)O(2)." provenance.
- _5 value "TABLE 2 Endogenous Chemicals Affecting Energy Intake and Expenditure: Appetite Stimulants" provenance.
- _5 value "PD-98059, an inhibitor of phosphorylation of ERK1/2, caused a marked inhibition of HSP60-induced COX-2 and NOS-2 expression." provenance.
- _5 value "Unexpectedly, SB-203580, a p38 kinase antagonist, was found to block HSP60-induced expression of COX-2, but not NOS-2." provenance.
- _6 value "AP2-alpha interacts directly with p53. AP2-alpha augments p53-mediated transactivation of p53 regulated genes." provenance.
- _3 value "In burned skin, 85 genes showed above threefold or greater increases and 54 genes showed threefold or greater decreases in expression compared with normal skin. up" provenance.
- _3 value "In burned skin, 85 genes showed above threefold or greater increases and 54 genes showed threefold or greater decreases in expression compared with normal skin. up" provenance.
- _3 value "In burned skin, 85 genes showed above threefold or greater increases and 54 genes showed threefold or greater decreases in expression compared with normal skin. up" provenance.
- _3 value "In burned skin, 85 genes showed above threefold or greater increases and 54 genes showed threefold or greater decreases in expression compared with normal skin. up" provenance.
- _3 value "In burned skin, 85 genes showed above threefold or greater increases and 54 genes showed threefold or greater decreases in expression compared with normal skin. up" provenance.
- _3 value "down" provenance.
- _3 value "down" provenance.
- _3 value "down" provenance.
- _4 value "We show that SOCS1 or SOCS3 targeted IRS1 and IRS2, two critical signaling molecules for insulin action, for ubiquitin-mediated degradation." provenance.
- _5 value "DAF-16 and its mammalian homologues, including FKHR (FOXO1), FKHRL1 (FOXO3a), and AFX (FOXO4) interact directly with IRSs from the IGFBP-1 promoter in a sequence-specific fashion in in vitro assays and in cells. In liver-derived cells, FOXO proteins stimulate the activity of promoters for IGFBP-1, glucose-6 phosphatase, and PEPCK. In other cell types, FOXO proteins also stimulate the expression of proteins that inhibit cell cycle progression, including p27Kip, Rb2, and GADD45, and proteins that promote cells death, including Bim and Fas ligand." provenance.
- _6 value "Essentially, they inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), thereby blocking the generation of angiotensin II (Ang II); at the same time they prevent the breakdown of natriuretic peptides by the enzyme neutral endopeptidase." provenance.
- _3 value "exposure of SNB19 cells to HOCl, a generator of reactive oxygen species (ROS), results in elevated Ape1/Ref-1 protein and Ap endo activity" provenance.
- _6 value "Cisplatin diminished the expression of PGC-1 mRNA levels in mouse kidney and also in LLCPK1 cells. Transient expression of PGC-1 shows the nuclear localization of PGC-1 protein and increased PPARalpha transcriptional activity in LLCPK1 cells." provenance.
- _5 value "adenosine A(1) receptor agonist N(6)-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA) significantly reduces the isoproterenol-induced increase in left ventricular developed pressure of isolated hearts, and this effect is blocked by pretreatment of hearts with the PP2a inhibitor cantharidin" provenance.
- _3 value "Myostatin appears to function by controlling myoblast cell cycle progression (35). Recombinant myostatin, when added to actively growing myoblasts, inhibited the progression of G1 myoblasts into S phase." provenance.
- _3 value "Inhibition of RAR function by the DNRAR in HMECs resulted in retinoid- resistance, increased proliferation, and dysregulated growth when cells were cultured in reconstituted extracellular matrix (rECM)." provenance.
- _5 value "Engagement of CD44 either by its natural ligand hyaluronan or a specific antibody on a cell line induced tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), which then associated with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and activated mitogen-activated protein kinase at its downstream." provenance.
- _4 value "SOCS3 transformants and parental KT-1/A3 cells were incubated with 1000 U of IFN-alpha for 30 minutes in which SOCS3 inhibited the IFN-alpha induced STAT1 phosphorylation, suggesting that SOCS3 was an IFN-alpha inducible gene and that constitutive expression of SOCS3 conferred resistance to IFN-alpha in CML cell lines by bringing down the IFN-alpha induced phosphorylation of STAT1." provenance.
- _2 value "Baseline adiponectin levels rose uniformly in all subjects after treatment (with TZD)" provenance.
- _6 value "Overexpression of wild-type SHIP2 (WT-SHIP2) inhibited insulin-induced phosphorylation of Akt at both Thr(308) and Ser(473) in Rat1 fibroblasts expressing insulin receptors. The degree of inhibition was less in the cells expressing either a mutant SHIP2 with R47Q change (R/Q-SHIP2) in the SH2 domain, or a mutant SHIP2 with Y987F change (Y/F-SHIP2) in the C-terminal tyrosine phosphorylation site. However, on addition of a myristoylation signal, WT-SHIP2, R/Q-SHIP2, and Y/F-SHIP2 all efficiently inhibited insulin-induced Akt phosphorylation at both residues, whereas a 5'-phosphatase-defective mutant SHIP2 (deltaIP-SHIP2) with the myristoylation signal did not." provenance.
- _3 value "AIF is a mitochondrial oxidoreductase that translocates to the nucleus leading to nuclear condensation and apoptosis18. In addition to its role in inducing apoptosis, AIF has a potent redox function in vitro, which is separable from its apoptogenic activity20. Many oxidoreductases have been shown to have important roles in maintaining intracellular free radical homeostasis" provenance.
- _5 value "IEX-1 was isolated by phosphorylation screening with active ERK2 and found subsequently phosphorylated in vivo upon ERK activation." provenance.
- _3 value "KIAA0425, a gene of unknown function. This fragment was termed cell death inhibiting RNA (CDIR). Deletion and mutation analyses of CDIR were employed to identify the features required for its anti-apoptotic activity." provenance.
- _4 value "Pufa-rich diets repress the transcription of lipogenic genes by suppressing Srebf1 gene transcription or by reducing the maturation of Srebf1 protein" provenance.
- _3 value "Modified assertion" provenance.
- _3 value "NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), ferritin (heavy and light chains), microsomal epoxide hydrolase, glutathione S-transferase, and gamma-glutamylcysteine synthase, whose expression is induced by exposure to prolonged physiological levels of steady laminar flow (shear stress = 20 dyn/cm(2)) in endothelial cells (EC)" provenance.
- _3 value "NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), ferritin (heavy and light chains), microsomal epoxide hydrolase, glutathione S-transferase, and gamma-glutamylcysteine synthase, whose expression is induced by exposure to prolonged physiological levels of steady laminar flow (shear stress = 20 dyn/cm(2)) in endothelial cells (EC)" provenance.
- _3 value "Overexpression of TNFRSF10B induces apoptosis of tumor cells in a p53-dependent manner (22)." provenance.
- _4 value "Modified assertion" provenance.
- _4 value "Inhibition of protein tyrosine kinases and MAPK kinase (MEK1/2, upstream activator of p42/44MAPK) abolished A2a purinoceptor-stimulated increases in L-arginine transport, NO production, and p42/44MAPK phosphorylation." provenance.
- _4 value "Inhibition of protein tyrosine kinases and MAPK kinase (MEK1/2, upstream activator of p42/44MAPK) abolished A2a purinoceptor-stimulated increases in L-arginine transport, NO production, and p42/44MAPK phosphorylation." provenance.
- _4 value "Inhibition of protein tyrosine kinases and MAPK kinase (MEK1/2, upstream activator of p42/44MAPK) abolished A2a purinoceptor-stimulated increases in L-arginine transport, NO production, and p42/44MAPK phosphorylation." provenance.
- _4 value "The decrease in glycogen synthesis was accompanied by decreased glycogen synthase (GS) activity and increased GS phosphorylation." provenance.
- _3 value "In MCF-7 cells, leptin and high glucose stimulated cell proliferation as demonstrated by the increases in DNA synthesis and expression of cdk2 and cyclin D1." provenance.
- _4 value "In MCF-7 cells, leptin and high glucose stimulated cell proliferation as demonstrated by the increases in DNA synthesis and expression of cdk2 and cyclin D1." provenance.
- _3 value "In MCF-7 cells, leptin and high glucose stimulated cell proliferation as demonstrated by the increases in DNA synthesis and expression of cdk2 and cyclin D1." provenance.
- _8 value "Moreover, Erbin inhibits the Erk activation by active Ras, while it fails to do so in the presence of active Raf-1. Erbin associates with active Ras, but not inactive Ras nor Raf. Consistently, Erbin interferes with the interaction between Ras and Raf both in vivo and in vitro. Erbin associates with active Ras, but not inactive Ras nor Raf." provenance.
- _2 value "Retinoic acid (RA) and its derivatives inhibit the proliferation" provenance.
- _4 value "Hsp72 blocked both the homo-oligomerization of ASK1 and ASK1-dependent apoptosis" provenance.
- _4 value "Expression of phase II detoxifying genes is regulated by NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-mediated antioxidant response element (ARE) activation. We showed previously that phosphatidylinositol 3 (PI3)-kinase plays an essential role in ARE-mediated rGSTA2 induction by oxidative stress. In view of the fact that the signaling pathway of PI3-kinase controls microfilaments and translocation of actin-associated proteins, the current study was designed to investigate the PI3-kinase-mediated nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and the interaction of Nrf2 with actin. tert-Butylhydroquinone (t-BHQ) caused Nrf2 to translocate into the nucleus in H4IIE cells, which was prevented by pretreatment of the cells with PI3-kinase inhibitors (wortmannin/LY294002). t-BHQ relocalized Nrf2 in concert with changes in actin microfilament architecture, as visualized by superposition of immunochemically stained Nrf2 and fluorescent phalloidin-stained actin. Furthermore, t-BHQ increased the level of nuclear actin, coimmunoprecipitated with Nrf2, which returned to that of control by pretreatment of the cells with PI3-kinase inhibitors. Cytochalasin B, an actin disruptor, alone stimulated actin-mediated nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and induced rGSTA2. In contrast, phalloidin, an agent that prevents actin filaments from depolymerization, inhibited Nrf2 translocation and rGSTA2 induction by t-BHQ. Subcellular fractionation and immunoblot analyses allowed us to detect both 57- and 100-kDa Nrf2. Immunoblot and immunoprecipitation assays showed that the 100-kDa protein comprised both Nrf2 and actin. The present study demonstrates that the PI3-kinase signaling pathway regulates rearrangement of actin microfilaments in response to oxidative stress and that depolymerization of actin causes a complex of Nrf2 bound with actin to translocate into nucleus." provenance.
- _5 value "The proteins Clock and Bmal1 form a heterodimer which activates the transcription of the Per gene from the E-box elements in its promoter region. Protein products of Per act together with Cry proteins to inhibit Per transcription, thus closing the autoregulatory feedback loop. We found that Dec1 and Dec2, basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors, repressed Clock/Bmal1-induced transactivation of the mouse Per1 promoter through direct protein-protein interactions with Bmal1 and/or competition for E-box elements." provenance.
- _5 value "Importantly, activated beta-catenin was found to inhibit the expression of NF-kappa B target genes, including Fas and TRAF1" provenance.
- _5 value "Modified assertion" provenance.
- _3 value "Over the last quarter century, more than 532 genes have been put forward as regulatory targets of retinoic acid. In some cases this control is direct, driven by a liganded heterodimer of retinoid receptors bound to a DNA response element; in others, it is indirect, reflecting the actions of intermediate transcription factors, non-classical associations of receptors with other proteins, or even more distant mechanisms. Given the broad range of scientific questions continually under investigation, researchers do not always have occasion to classify target genes along these lines. However, our understanding of the genetic role of retinoids will be enhanced if such a distinction can be made for each regulated gene. We have therefore evaluated published data from 1,191 papers covering 532 genes and have classified these genes into four categories according to the degree to which an hypothesis of direct versus indirect control is supported overall. We found 27 genes that are unquestionably direct targets of the classical pathway in permissive cellular contexts (Category 3 genes), plus 105 genes that appear to be candidates, pending the results of specific additional experiments (Category 2). Data on another 267 targets are not evocative of direct or indirect regulation either way, although control by retinoic acid through some mechanism is clear (Category 1). Most of the remaining 133 targets seem to be regulated indirectly, usually through a transcriptional intermediary, in the contexts studied so far (Category 0)." provenance.
- _3 value "Over the last quarter century, more than 532 genes have been put forward as regulatory targets of retinoic acid. In some cases this control is direct, driven by a liganded heterodimer of retinoid receptors bound to a DNA response element; in others, it is indirect, reflecting the actions of intermediate transcription factors, non-classical associations of receptors with other proteins, or even more distant mechanisms. Given the broad range of scientific questions continually under investigation, researchers do not always have occasion to classify target genes along these lines. However, our understanding of the genetic role of retinoids will be enhanced if such a distinction can be made for each regulated gene. We have therefore evaluated published data from 1,191 papers covering 532 genes and have classified these genes into four categories according to the degree to which an hypothesis of direct versus indirect control is supported overall. We found 27 genes that are unquestionably direct targets of the classical pathway in permissive cellular contexts (Category 3 genes), plus 105 genes that appear to be candidates, pending the results of specific additional experiments (Category 2). Data on another 267 targets are not evocative of direct or indirect regulation either way, although control by retinoic acid through some mechanism is clear (Category 1). Most of the remaining 133 targets seem to be regulated indirectly, usually through a transcriptional intermediary, in the contexts studied so far (Category 0)." provenance.
- _7 value "Tyrosine 759 of gp130 is also essential for the activation of the MAPK cascade. Mutation of tyrosine 759 to phenylalanine was shown to abolish IL-6-mediated activation of Erk1/Erk2 (55). " provenance.
- _5 value "we demonstrate that the transcriptional coactivator CREB-binding protein (CBP) mediated the STAT1/NF-kappaB synergy for transcription of the gene for CXC ligand 9 (CXCL9)" provenance.
- _3 value "Supplementary Table 1b (for web site posting): Genes Decreased by CR Diet" provenance.
- _3 value "Glucose and insulin are anabolic signals which upregulate the transcriptions of a series of lipogenic enzymes to convert excess carbohydrate into triglycerides for efficient energy storage. These enzymes include ATP-citrate lyase (ACL), acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC), fatty acid synthase (FAS), and glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (G3PA)." provenance.
- _3 value "Table 3 Gene expression for HP-, MEN-, TBH-treated cells according to functional categories " provenance.
- _3 value "Table 3 Gene expression for HP-, MEN-, TBH-treated cells according to functional categories " provenance.
- _3 value "Table 3 Gene expression for HP-, MEN-, TBH-treated cells according to functional categories " provenance.
- _3 value "Table 3 Gene expression for HP-, MEN-, TBH-treated cells according to functional categories " provenance.
- _3 value "Table 3 Gene expression for HP-, MEN-, TBH-treated cells according to functional categories " provenance.
- _2 value "Collectively, not only does Btk positively regulate PKCbI, but PKCb can negatively regulates Btk activity as a feedback loop inhibitor (Fig. 2). apparently through this mechanism, Btk positively regulates the membrane translocation and activity of PKCbI Second messengers generated by PLCg, i.e., DAG and IP3 (subsequent Ca 2+ increase), activate various PKC isoforms including the I isoform." provenance.
- _5 value "acti-Fig. 3. PKCb in insulin signal-ing. Insulin-stimulated insulin receptor (IR) phosphorylates IRS1. IRS1 recruit various signaling molecules through SH2-phos-photyrosine interactions. IRS1-binding proteins containing an SH2 domain include Grb2, PI3K, SHP-2, and Nck. Insulin-induced ERK activation in L6 myocytes occurs largely through Raf-1 rather than Ras activation. In contrast, EGF-induced ERK acti-vation is dependent on Grb2/Sos-mediated Ras activation." provenance.
- _3 value "In addition to genes that regulate intracellular compatible osmolytes, genes encoding the inflammatory cytokines TNFalpha and lymphotoxin beta have also been identified as putative NFAT5 target genes." provenance.
- _8 value "co-overexpression of c-Src alone does not result in EGF-induced activation of STAT5b but enhances that seen in EGFR-overexpressing cells," provenance.
- _8 value "the stable overexpression of a kinase-defective c-Src in the context of EGFR overexpression results in a decrease in the tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT5b in response to EGF and a more dramatic decrease in EGF-induced transcriptional activation of STAT5b," provenance.
- _3 value "We identified four genes expressed differentially after TPA treatment. Levels of expression of two genes, human flavoprotein subunit of complex II and JKTBP, were downregulated by TPA," provenance.