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_5 label "Selventa" provenance.
_4 value "A vast array of pathways within mammalian cells serves to transduce signals from external stimuli to processes such as nutrient uptake and metabolism, gene transcription and mRNA translation. In most cases the transduction network consists of a group of protein kinases that serve to direct a signal, or signals, to the appropriate end point(s). However, signal transduction pathways are seldom linear and instead often have many branch points and multiple places at which signalling events can activate the kinase cascade. An example of this type of complexity is exhibited by a common pathway that is activated by the signals induced by insulin, amino acids and resistance exercise, i.e. the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling pathway. The purpose of the present article is to review current knowledge of how these disparate signals activate this pathway and how signals from the individual stimuli are integrated, with the focus being on how insulin, amino acids and exercise promote muscle hypertrophy through activation of this pathway. As the present article is only a brief overview, the work cited herein is selective. For further discussion on this topic the reader is referred to other recent review articles (for example, see Kimball et al. 2002; Bolster et al. 2003). The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-mammalian target of rapamycin signalling pathway PI3K is a lipid kinase that phosphorylates the hydroxyl group at the D3 position on phosphatidylinositol-4, 5-diphosphate leading to the production of phosphatidylinositol- 3,4,5-triphosphate at the plasma membrane (for review, see Cantley, 2002). Production of phosphatidylinositol- 3,4,5-triphosphate is countered by the action of the lipid phosphatase, phosphatase and tensin homologue (Fig. 1)." provenance.
_4 wasQuotedFrom 15294054 provenance.
assertion hadPrimarySource 15294054 provenance.
large_corpus.bel title "BEL Framework Large Corpus Document" provenance.
large_corpus.bel description "Approximately 61,000 statements." provenance.
assertion wasDerivedFrom _4 provenance.
assertion wasDerivedFrom large_corpus.bel provenance.
large_corpus.bel authoredBy _5 provenance.
large_corpus.bel version "20131211" provenance.