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• _2 value "Inflammation and adipose tissue in 'physiological fattening' Given the inflammatory events that take place in WAT in obesity, it is appropriate to consider whether the production of inflammation-related adipokines (linked to hypoxia) is also altered in the tissue during physiologically programmed increases in body fat. Examples would include late pregnancy where there may be extensive fat deposition, and in the considerable fattening that occurs in hibernating and migratory species prior to hibernation and migration, respectively. In certain species of ground squirrel, for example, body weight can double over a 3-4-month period between the spring arousal and the entrance into hibernation in late summer, most of the increase in weight being due to adipose tissue. In this regard, it is of interest to note that the serum concentration of haptoglobin is increased in the hibernation season in bears (Mominoki et al. 1996), as is that of leptin (Hissa et al. 1998). The expression of another acute phase reactant, a2-macroglobulin, has also been shown to increase in hibernating ground squirrels, although similar changes are not evident with other acute phase proteins (Srere et al. 1995), and it is unclear whether WAT is a direct site of synthesis of the protein. Adipose tissue and the cold As emphasized above, much of the recent focus on the function of WAT is in the context of obesity. Interest in the mechanisms of adaptation to the cold has, of course, been principally concerned with events within BAT, but it is likely that there are extensive physiological changes in white fat as well. The total substrate flux through an animal, particularly small rodents, increases substan- tially in a cold environment, with for example, the total energy intake of a mouse being approximately three times higher when acclimated at 4 degrees-C than at the thermoneutral temperature of 32 degrees-C (Trayhurn 1995). Acutely, cold exposure leads to a depletion of WAT mass to provide fuel for thermoregulatory heat production, whether in brown fat (via UCP1) or through shivering thermogenesis in skeletal muscle. This stimulation of lipolysis is driven by an increase in sympathetic activity in WAT, as indicated by measurements of noradrenaline turnover on cold exposure of rodents (Garofalo et al. 1996), paralleling the changes that occur during fasting (Migliorini et al. 1997)." provenance.
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