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- _6 value " View larger version (24K): [in this window] [in a new window] Fig. 1. Stages of CaMKI/IV activation and effects on activation-dependent (S) and activation-independent (S') substrates. For CaMKIV, autophosphorylation is also required in the first step but is not depicted. Recognition of the ability of kinases in brain extract to phosphorylate and activate CaMKI/IV led to the cloning of two upstream kinases, CaMKK and CaMKK (8, 9). In addition to the brain, where both CaMKKs are highly expressed, CaMKK mRNA is found in thymus and spleen, whereas CaMKK is present at lower levels in all tissues that express CaMKIV. Although derived from distinct genes, rat CaMKKs are 80% similar, and either CaMKK can phosphorylate and activate CaMKI and CaMKIV in vitro. Both CaMKKs bind and are positively regulated by Ca2+/CaM in vitro," provenance.
- _6 wasQuotedFrom 11096122 provenance.